My Web Stats

Interesting Statistics

My Web Stats: Interesting Statistics. A project by Burak Bakay, Director of The Digital Agency

  • What percentage of water is absorbed by the small intestine?

    The small intestine absorbs 90% of the water from ingested food. Although the entire small intestine is involved in the absorption of water and lipids, most absorption of carbohydrates and proteins occurs in the jejunum.

    What is the small intestine?

    The small intestine is a component of the digestive system, measuring about 22 feet. It is located in the lower abdominal cavity beneath the stomach. The large intestine surrounds the abdominal cavity, framing its edges. The small intestine is one of the parts of a long pathway that food takes through your body, called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

    Listed are the functions of the small intestine:

    • systematically breaks food down
    • absorbs nutrients
    • extracts water
    • moves food along the gastrointestinal tract

    There’s a lot involved in all this process so it can take up to five hours to complete.

    What are the three parts of the small intestine?

    The small intestine has beginning, middle, and end sections. Although there isn’t really a division between the parts, there are some variances in the traits they possess and the roles they serve.

    Duodenum

    Your stomach feeds nourishment into the duodenum, which is the first part of your small intestine. The chute descends quickly (about 10 inches long) in a “C” shape curve around the pancreas and connects to the rest of the coiled intestines.

    Jejunum

    The remaining small intestine is coiled inside the lower abdominal cavity. Its middle section is the jejunum which makes up a little less than half of this remaining length. The jejunum has a deep red color that is characterized by many blood vessels.

    Ileum

    The small intestine’s final and longest section is called the ileum. It is the stage when the blood supply is reduced and the small intestine’s walls start to shrink and constrict. The ileum is where food spends the greatest time absorbing nutrients and water.

    How long does food stay in the small intestine?

    Food goes through the stomach and small intestine within six to eight hours after eating. For further digestion, the food then enters the large intestine (colon), absorbs more water, and, finally, eliminates undigested food. Thus, food passes entirely through the colon in around 36 hours.

    What percentage of alcohol is absorbed by the small intestine?

    When you consume an alcoholic drink, about 20% is absorbed into the bloodstream when the drink passes through your stomach and the other 80% of the alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream when the drink reaches the small intestine.

    What is the name of the sphincter that separates the stomach from the small intestine?

    A band of smooth muscle known as the pyloric valve or pyloric sphincter controls the passage of partially digested food and digestive juices from the pylorus into the duodenum. It separates the stomach and the small intestine. It allows the contents of the former to pass into the latter It also prevents partially digested food and digestive juices from re-entering the stomach.

    What structural modification of the small intestine slows the movement of chyme through the lumen?

    The combination of food and digestive juices is called chyme. The small intestine’s cirrhotic folds help food move more slowly so that it can be better absorbed and digested. These folds broaden the surface area and facilitate chyme mixing.

    Furthermore, sodium bicarbonate neutralizes the acidic chyme coming from the stomach, protecting the small intestine from acid damage.

    How long is the recovery from small intestine surgery?

    If you’ve undergone surgery to remove part of your small or large intestine, you are likely to experience pain that comes and goes for the following days. You may feel like you have influenza (flu), low fever, or feel tired and nauseated. This is common and you should feel better after 1 to 2 weeks, and you will probably feel completely back to normal in 2 to 4 weeks.

    Your bowel movements may not be consistent for several weeks. You may also see some blood in your stool. Each person recovers at a different pace.

  • What percentage of unemployment insurance is paid by the employer?

    Federal Unemployment tax is imposed at a flat rate on the first $7,000 paid to each employee. The current FUTA tax rate is 6%, but most states receive a 5.4% “credit” reducing that to just 0.6%.

    What is unemployment insurance?

    The basic unemployment insurance program is operated by the states, although the US Department of Labor oversees the system. It provides up to 26 weeks of benefits to unemployed workers in most states, replacing around half of their previous wages, on average. Individual states supply most of the funding and pay for the actual benefits provided to workers. The federal government pays the administrative costs only. Although states should adhere to a few federal requirements, they can generally set their own eligibility criteria and benefit levels.

    The unemployment insurance system (UI) supports many people who have lost their jobs by temporarily replacing part of their wages while they find work. It is a form of social insurance that was created in 1935, in which taxes collected from employers are collected into the system on behalf of working people that can serve as income support if employees lose their jobs.

    Who Is Eligible for Unemployment Insurance?

    These are the qualifications for an individual to qualify for unemployment insurance benefits:

    1. must have lost his/her work through no fault of his or her own;
    2. must have the ability to work, the availability to work, and is actively seeking work; and
    3. must have earned a minimum amount during a “base period” before losing their job.

    States apply these general criteria differently. For example, some states do not include part-time workers unless they are willing to undertake a full-time job, while other states allow these workers to qualify even if they are looking for another part-time job.  Also, states have the choice about the length of the base period of employment used to determine eligibility.

    What benefits does unemployment insurance provide?

    Workers can receive money from the state if they become employed, even if they live in a different state. The benefits provided will vary in two respects: the number of weeks that they last and the amount of money received by the person who is unemployed.

    How do I know if my unemployment claim was approved?

    If the unemployment claim was approved, recipients will receive their payments through a pre-paid debit card or direct deposit. Also, your claim will be marked as approved when you log into your unemployment portal.

    Once your application has been approved, the Department of Labor will give you a “monetary determination” with information on your weekly benefit amount.

    After making the claim, it will take between two to three weeks to receive it.

    Delays are inevitable if the state needs additional information before sending payment to the recipient. If the status reads “pending” in the unemployment portal, this could be due to the fact that the state is taking time to review and process the application for benefits. If the payments are approved after a delay, recipients will receive back pay for all the weeks they missed due to the delay.

    What to do when unemployment benefits are exhausted?

    In most states, people who have exhausted their benefits for both regular unemployment benefits – and Pandemic Emergency Unemployment Compensation (PEUC) in some cases – could then qualify for a program called Extended Benefits. This federally funded program is set during periods of high unemployment within a state.

    You should automatically transition into EB (Extended Benefits) once you’ve run out of eligibility. The normal collection period for EB, which offers a weekly benefit equivalent to what you would typically be eligible for in your state based on your prior wages, is 13 weeks. However, it may vary in length based on the state in which you were employed. Just make sure to contact your state agency for any questions about your eligibility for EB.

    How long does it take to reopen an unemployment claim?

    It can take up to 10 days to reopen your claim if you have already opened an unemployment compensation claim within the past 12 months but then stopped filing for those benefits.

    Things to remember when reopening an existing claim:

    1. Use the same username and password to log in: There’s no need to register for a new account.
    2. Claims are always effective on Sundays: If the claim is reopened from Monday to Saturday, the effective date is the preceding Sunday. But if you reopen it on a Sunday, the effective date is the same day.
    3. “Claims weeks” are always Sunday – Saturday: You will be asked questions about specific weeks, which refers to what happened from Sunday to Saturday.  Your employer’s week-to-week schedule may differ, but you must provide the information for Sunday to Saturday week to avoid delays.

    How do I file an unemployment claim?

    The filing process for new claims varies from state to state. Here’s what you need before you get started:

    Personal Information:

    • SSN
    • Home address and mailing address (if different)
    • Telephone number
    • Valid email
    • UC System username and password, if already established
    • Direct deposit bank information (optional) – bank name, address, account and routing number.

    In some cases, additional information is needed. You can research for and view the additional list of requirements that states require on their respective information centers.

    Information about separating employers:

    • Employer’s name, address, and phone number
    • Employer’s PA UC account number (if known)
    • First and last day worked with the employer
    • Reason for leaving
    • Pension or severance package information (if applicable)

    How do I know if I won my unemployment appeal?

    After the hearing, the appeal tribunal will go over the testimony and the exhibits received at the hearing, determine how the unemployment insurance law applies to the facts, and release a written decision. The decision is typically delivered within two weeks, but if the matter is complicated, delays should be anticipated. The Appeal Tribunal Decision in instances involving unemployment taxes is typically released 45 days after the hearing. The parties and their representatives are given copies of the decision.

    On the other hand, you can go online to view the status of any appeal in which you are involved within two to three weeks after submitting an appeal. You may find relevant information such as the filing date, the level of your appeal, and its current status.

  • What percentage of truck drivers are female?

    As of 2020, the latest statistics that are available shows that women constitute 7.8% of the United States’ professional truck driver workforce, according to the American Trucking Associations from their recently released American Trucking Trends Report. The highest rate for female truck drivers has reached 8% which is a big improvement compared to the 6.7% rate in 2019.

    The rate of women working in the industry is predicted to increase as employers decide to offer more benefits and high pay for truck drivers. Many women are now being encouraged to be involved in the historically male-dominated industry.

    Why are there not many female truck drivers?

    It’s important to understand why women don’t become truck drivers. There are several reasons:

    • Men dominate the field.
    • Careers in trucking simply don’t appeal to many women
    • Women may have trouble getting hired.
    • Women may face harassment.
    • Women are less likely to own trucks.

    Trucking companies are largely male-dominated industries. They tend to hire men who already have experience and prefer those who have worked in similar jobs before. These factors contribute to the low number of female truckers.

    How much do women truck drivers make?

    According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual salary for female truck drivers was $40,730 in May 2018. For comparison, the median annual salary was $41,490 for male truck drivers.

    The trucking industry is looking to change its policies to cater to more female truck drivers. One reason for this is to prevent the shortage of truck drivers which is forecasted in 2024. Women truck drivers could play a significant part in the solution.

    Is it safe to be a female truck driver?

    Female drivers are at less risk for injury or death on the road. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), women are less likely to die in crashes than men. In fact, they are about half as likely to die in car accidents.

    Female truck drivers are also less likely to suffer serious injuries in traffic incidents. They are about four times less likely to sustain a head injury and three times less likely to sustain an injury to the neck. Furthermore, female truck drivers are less likely to be involved in fatal crashes. They are about two-thirds less likely to die in a crash than men.

    Women are typically safer drivers than males, which makes them an important asset for an industry that relies on delivering goods to the American market on time. A savvy and safe female driver who has an excellent safety record can increase her earnings.

    What is the difference between male and female truck drivers when they are on the road?

    A study found that the difference between male and female truck drivers is due to different driving behaviors. Female truck drivers were more likely to follow rules such as following distance and speed limits. They also reported better safety habits such as checking blind spots and using seat belts.

    In contrast, male truck drivers are less likely to check blind spots or wear seat belts. They also had higher blood pressure and heart rates at rest. Researchers conclude that the differences observed between the two genders could be attributed to different work characteristics, job demands, and/or decision-making styles between men and women.

    How can we increase the number of women truck drivers?

    Companies should take action to attract more women drivers and this can be done by offering more benefits. What can they do to change the system and increase their number?

    1.  Create a workplace that can attract women

    Think about how you can make the truck a more welcoming environment for women as they will be spending most of their time there. One study found that, when compared to male drivers, female drivers spend more time using their smartphones while driving. Hands-free calling would likely be appealing to this demographic of truck drivers.

    To accommodate women’s unique needs, create driving routes that offer ample bathroom breaks to better handle their unique physical needs. If there is a particular aspect to the job that women may find more difficult than men, then produce solutions that allow them to perform their jobs without having to give up any of their responsibilities.

    2.  You can offer various benefits for your women drivers

    One way to attract more women drivers is to offer benefits they’d love to have at work. Options to potentially consider are:

    • Equal pay
    • Child care benefits
    • Flexible work schedules
    • Maternity leave
    • Sick leave and health insurance

    3. Utilize recruiting materials that women drivers can relate to

    Look at your current recruiting materials and see if they need any improvement. Do any of them really connect to women? Do you use pictures of women drivers, for instance? And if you currently have female drivers as employees, do you highlight any of them in your recruiting collateral?

    The more you can encourage women to see themselves driving for your company the more effective your efforts are likely to be. Don’t use just one woman in any of your recruiting materials. Try using a variety of women, of all different shapes, sizes, and ethnicities. Try to speak to women from various backgrounds. Make sure they know that you’re interested in them and the unique things that they bring.

    Why women are critical to the future of trucking of the trucking industry

    According to the U.S. Department of Labor, there will soon be a shortage of around 1 million truck drivers. This is because the number of people entering the workforce will decrease due to the aging population, fewer young people pursuing higher education, and lower birth rates.

    To meet the demand for truck drivers, many states have enacted laws requiring commercial motor carriers to offer opportunities for new hires. Some of these rules mandate that hiring managers conduct gender-neutral interviews with every applicant.

    As the number of available truck drivers decreases, it becomes increasingly important to recruit qualified individuals from diverse backgrounds. By increasing the number of women truckers, we can help ensure that the supply of truck drivers meets the demand.

  • What percentage of total sales in the United States is generated by sole proprietorships?

    The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) estimates that sole proprietorships make up between 71 and 75 percent of all firms in the US. The vast majority of sole proprietorships are small businesses. They account for only approximately 6% of total sales in the United States.

    What is a sole proprietorship?

    A business that is owned and run by just one person is known as a single proprietorship. That person is in charge of all the company’s debts and receives all the earnings. In the US, this is by far the most typical business model. Numerous industries are conducive to the success of sole proprietorships.

    A sole proprietorship can be formed without taking any official steps. If you are the only proprietor, your business activities immediately when you start working for yourself. Without even realizing it, you may already have one. If you are a freelancer, independent contractor, or an artist who is earning money as a result of your work in the United States, you may have a sole proprietorship.

    What are the advantages and disadvantages of a sole proprietorship?

    There are advantages and disadvantages within a sole proprietorship structure that still need to be considered.

    Advantages

    • Ease of Start-Up
      One of the key advantages of a sole proprietorship is its ease of start-up. Almost anyone can start one with a minimal amount of paperwork and legal fees.A sole owner must complete a minimum number of government regulations to start a new firm, which is different from city to city and state to state. A business license, which is authorization from the local government, is usually required for sole owners. Some businesses, including doctors, barbers, and day-care centers, may additionally require a special state license to operate. Other usual needs include registering a name and acquiring a certificate of occupancy to utilize a building.
    • Fewer Regulations
      The proprietorship is the least regulated business structure. Even the tiniest company is subject to regulation, particularly industry-specific restrictions. A food establishment, for example, is bound by health regulations.Local zoning restrictions may also apply to sole proprietorships. Cities and towns frequently create different zones for residential and commercial purposes. Zoning laws may make it illegal for sole proprietors to do business from a residential dwelling.

      Aside from that, these small firms have few legal obligations. Due to the little amount of paperwork needed to establish a sole proprietorship, this type of ownership is typically the least expensive.

    • Sole Profit Recipient
      The sole proprietorship has the advantage of allowing the owner to keep all profits after paying income taxes. Many people are motivated to establish their own enterprises because of the potential profits. If the company succeeds, the proprietor is not obligated to share the profits with others.
    • Complete Control of Everything
      Another benefit of sole proprietorships is that owners have complete control over their enterprises. This means they’ll be able to react rapidly to market shifts. Entrepreneurs value this level of autonomy. Sole proprietorships can make quick, flexible decisions to make the most of unexpected opportunities
    • Discontinuation is Simple
      Sole owners can quickly shut down their businesses and pursue other sources of income. They must, of course, pay all debts and other responsibilities, such as taxes, but they are exempt from any other legal duties in order to cease operations.
    • Pass-through Tax
      Sole proprietorships are usually not taxed as cooperation. Instead, the tax burden is passed to the business’s sole owner, who is responsible for paying income tax on profits. This means reduced filing requirements since the business itself does not need to file taxes. There are however some IRS forms that must be filled each year.

    Disadvantages

    • Personal Liability is Limitless
      The most significant disadvantage of operating as a sole proprietor is unlimited personal liability. The legal need to pay debts is known as liability. All business debts are totally and personally liable to sole proprietors i.e. If the company fails, the owner may be forced to sell personal property to pay off any outstanding debts. There are certain ways to protect yourself though while still enjoying many of the benefits of a sole proprietorship. One popular method is by registering a single-member LLC.
    • Limited Access to Resources
      If your web design firm takes off and grows quickly, you may need to expand by purchasing additional computers or recruiting additional employees. You may have to expand as a sole proprietor by paying for equipment out of your own pocket. This is due to the fact that banks are occasionally hesitant to lend money to start-up businesses, and if they do, they will be lending it to you personally, meaning they can pursue you personally if you don’t make your payments as agreed.
    • Lack of Stability
      The lifespan of a sole proprietorship is limited. The business simply ceases to exist if a lone proprietor dies or stops shopping due to retirement, sickness, lack of interest in the firm, or any other reason.Employees are difficult to come by and keep for sole proprietorships. Small businesses are unable to provide the job security and promotion chances that many employees need. Furthermore, many sole proprietorships are unable to provide fringe benefits to their employees.

    What tax forms do I need to file for a sole proprietorship?

    Because the business and the individual are not taxed separately, sole proprietorship taxes differ from that of other business entities such as corporations. Your sole proprietorship taxes are instead reported and paid as part of your personal tax return.

    To explain, the IRS refers to this sort of taxation as “pass-through taxation” since the tax responsibility is borne by the business owner and “passes through” to the owner’s personal tax return. This means you’ll need to fill out a separate Schedule C form for your sole proprietorship taxes, which you’ll file with your personal income tax form, Form 1040. Depending on where your business is run and controlled, you might need to complete additional papers. The best option is to speak with an accountant.

    How many employees can a sole proprietorship have?

    Employees can be hired by a sole proprietor. There is no limit to how many employees you can hire. You are responsible for all aspects of employment administration, recordkeeping, and taxes as an employer. You are held to the same standards as any other employer. Before hiring employees, you must get an employer identification number (EIN) from the IRS. An EIN is very simple to obtain. You can receive one right away by filling out an application on the IRS website. An application can also be sent by fax or mail.

    All essential employment paperwork, such as Form W-4 and Form I-9, must be completed by the employee. You could also ask the employee to fill out benefit applications.

    When the owner of a sole proprietorship dies, what becomes of the business?

    A sole proprietorship is effectively shut down upon the death of the owner, and all assets and liabilities pass through his estate.

    A sole proprietor’s will can direct the business to a specific beneficiary, however, this results in the formation of a new sole proprietorship (or partnership if more than two beneficiaries).

    The sole proprietor’s business will be wound up during the probate procedure if he dies without a will, and his assets will be split among his heirs.

    What is the difference between a sole proprietorship and an LLC?

    A limited liability company (LLC) is a state-created legal entity. An LLC exists independently of its members or owners. Members, who are not individually liable for business debts and obligations. Instead, the LLC is liable. This separation between the owner and the business is referred to as the “corporate vale”.

    A sole proprietorship is an unincorporated business owned and operated by a single individual. This is the simplest structure available, with no mess and no fuss. You are entitled to all of the company’s profits. You are, however, accountable for all liabilities, unlike an LLC.

    What is the difference between a sole proprietorship and a partnership?

    The traditional business arrangements of sole proprietorships and partnerships are easy for their owners to set up and maintain. The main distinction between them is the number of owners.

    You are the single owner of a sole proprietorship (in some states, your spouse may be a co-owner). When you create a partnership, at least one co-owner will be required. Managing disagreements among owners and allocating responsibilities, earnings, and losses are all considerations when you own a firm with someone else.

  • What percentage of the population has a credit score over 800?

    The majority of lenders view a FICO score of 800 as excellent credit. About 21.8% of Americans have a credit score of 800 points and higher. If you have a credit score of 800, then it likely means that you’ve managed your debts well and you never miss paying your loans.

    How do I get my credit score over 800?

    There’s no guarantee that your score will reach 800 but by applying these tips, you may be able to improve your score.

    1. Build or Rebuild Your Credit History

    15% of your credit score is determined by your credit history, so if you don’t have any credit history, you won’t be able to reach an 800 credit score. To solve this problem, you need to focus on building your credit score. You can do this by either taking out a credit builder loan or applying for your first credit card.

    A credit builder loan is a personal loan that helps you improve your credit score by adding positive payment history to your report. Unlike a traditional personal loan, a lender does not directly deposit a lump sum into your account. Instead, it sets money aside in a savings account or certificate of deposit (CD) account, and you gain access to it after paying back the loan.

    Using a credit card wisely is another way to improve your credit score. You can acquire a secured credit card in place of a standard one if you don’t qualify for one or don’t want to use one. When you use a secured card, you will need to make a cash deposit into a collateral account, which equals your credit limit.

    2. Pay Your Bills on Time

    As it makes up 35% of your FICO score, your payment history is by far the most important factor in determining your credit score. Because of this, always pay your bills on time. If your bills go unpaid for 30 days, your creditors can report your debt to the credit bureau. If your credit report reveals a late payment, your credit score can suffer. To avoid paying your monthly bills late, use a calendar to keep track of your payment dates and set up automatic payments.

    According to FICO, most people with an 800 credit score or higher pay off their balance in full each month.

    3. Keep Your Credit Utilization Rate Low

    Your credit usage ratio comes in at number two when calculating your credit score. It accounts for 30% of the total. The ratio compares the total amount of credit you’ve used to the available credit limit on your card. If your total credit line is $10,000 and you’re aiming for a 30% utilization rate, then you should spend no more than $3,000. To improve your credit score, keep the ratio of your debt to income closer to zero percent.

    4. Review Your Credit Score and Reports

    Monitor your credit score, credit report, and financial status to maintain tabs on how you’re performing. By using online credit scoring services, you can check your credit score for nothing. You might even find advice on how to raise your credit score on some of these websites.

    Always double-check your credit reports to make sure they don’t contain any erroneous negative information like late payments or collection accounts as your credit score is based on the information contained there. Inaccuracies can still occur even if you pay all of your bills on time.

    If you discover a problem with one of your credit reports, you can have it fixed by filing a dispute with each credit bureau that listed the problem.

    How long does it take to get to an 800 credit score?

    Depending on where you started from, it can take several years or more to build up an 800 credit score. You need to have a few years of excellent payment history and a good mix of credit accounts showing that you have experience managing different types of credit cards and loans.

    A good credit mix consists of several major credit cards, a mortgage loan, and another type of installment loan. To demonstrate your ability to manage diverse credit obligations over an extended length of time, these accounts must be open for a number of years.

    What are the benefits of an 800 credit score?

    Here are the benefits of having an 800 credit score:

    Your credit score, along with your financial information, is one of several factors lenders use when deciding whether to lend you money. A high credit score means that lenders will see you as a safer borrower, increasing the chances they will approve your loan request.
    One of the main elements affecting the interest rate on loans is your credit score. An 800 credit score will allow you to qualify for lower interest rates, which will save you thousands of dol­lars over the life of your mortgage. With larger loans, you’ll see the biggest impact over a longer period of repayments, such as mortgages and car loans.
    You may always avoid paying interest by paying off the entire sum on your credit card each month, regardless of your credit score. An 800 credit score may allow you to qualify for credit cards that charge a 0% promotional rate on purchases and balance transfer fees. If you have one of these credit cards, you can carry a balance on your account and avoid paying interest on your purchases.

    What is the average interest rate on a car loan with an 800 credit score?

    With a credit score of 800-809, the average interest rate for a car loan is 2.40%.

    Most car dealerships will offer plenty of incentives for buying their vehicles, including cash rebates, low-interest rates, or special lease deals. Buying a new vehicle will usually come with much lower interest rates than buying a secondhand one.

    How much of a home loan can I get with an 800 credit score?

    If you have a credit score of 700 or higher, lenders will most likely qualify you for jumbo loans considering the risk level. These loans have loan amounts that exceed $647,200, which is currently the conforming loan limit in most markets. It is the hardest to qualify for if you have bad credit, but with a score over 800, you should find it much easier.

    Can a 25-year-old have an 800 credit score?

    It usually takes time to build good credit and in the credit scoring system, youth counts against you (in terms of lower scores). It is still possible to establish excellent credit even if you’re in your mid-20s, especially if you’ve been managing bills and credit repayments responsibly since you turned 18.

    What is the highest credit score?

    850 is actually considered a perfect credit score and the unicorn of the financial world as it is the highest number you can achieve within a credit scoring system. For the FICO Score, one of the most commonly utilized credit scoring models, 850 is a mythical and seemingly impossible figure to achieve but for people with that credit score are possible to achieve.

  • What percentage of the mass of a molecular cloud is in the form of dust?

    Only 1% of the mass of a molecular cloud is in the form of dust. Molecular clouds consist mainly of gas and dust but can contain stars as well. The material within the clouds is compressed as the cloud collapses, resulting in the creation of stars.

    What is a molecular cloud?

    A molecular cloud, also called a dark nebula, is an interstellar clump or cloud that is opaque due to its internal dust grains. Such dark clouds have no clearly defined outer boundaries and sometimes seem to have convoluted serpentine shapes because of turbulence. The density of the clumps may reach up to 105 H2 molecules per cubic centimeter or more.

    Through the naked eye, the biggest molecular clouds can be seen as dark spots against the Milky Way Galaxy. The so-called enormous molecular clouds, the largest nebulae of this kind, are a million times more massive than the Sun. They are around 150 light-years across, comprise a large portion of the interstellar medium’s mass, and have an average density of 100 to 300 molecules per cubic centimeter with an interior temperature of just 7 to 15 K.

    How is the molecular cloud formed?

    Molecular clouds can be formed in limited regions where the mean magnetic field is aligned with the direction of shock waves from supernovas, or in regions where a huge number of shock wave sweepings happen. Therefore, molecular clouds can only be seen in limited regions in shells.

    What happens to the rotation of a molecular cloud as it collapses to form a star?

    Within the regions of molecular clouds, a significant event takes place: the formation of stars from the gravitational collapse of dense clumps in the nebula. Each system has a rotary motion that is a result of the original motions of the material that is falling into it. Because of this spinning motion, the collapsing cloud flattens as it contracts. At some point, the majority of its mass is in a spinning condensation close to the center of a “protostar” that will eventually become one or more stars with close orbits. Surrounding the protostar is a rotating disk that is larger than the solar system which collapses into “protoplanets” and comets.

    The evidence for these hypotheses comes from observations of molecular clouds in extremely long-wavelength infrared light. The class of T Tauri variables, named after their prototype star in the constellation Taurus, is one of the brightest infrared sources that is connected to dark dust clouds. The T Tauri stars are always located in or close to molecular clouds and are known to be very young stars. Due to the warm dust clouds that are heated by the T Tauri star to a temperature of a few hundred kelvins, they are frequently also strong producers of infrared radiation.

    Which trigger could start the gravitational contraction of a molecular cloud?

    One of the significant features of molecular clouds is their concentration in the spiral arms of the Milky Way Galaxy plane. The uneven and bifurcating arms have no clear limit, yet when viewed from another galaxy, the nebulae in other spiral galaxies are spread out along these tiny lanes and form a symmetrical system. The nebulae are very close to the galactic plane; most are within 300 light-years, only 1% of the sun’s distance from the center. The high density of the stars within these arms supplies sufficient gravity to hold the gas to them.

    What are ways a giant molecular cloud can be triggered to gravitational collapse?

    A giant molecular cloud is supported against its own gravity by its internal pressure. This pressure has two sources:

    1. Gas pressure from internal heat
    2. Pressure from embedded magnetic fields

    If the gravity grows larger than the internal pressure, the entire cloud will collapse. There are possible ways to trigger this including:

    • Cloud-cloud collisions
    • Passage through a spiral arm of the galaxy
    • Shocks from nearby supernova explosions

    How big is the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex?

    A massive molecular cloud of interstellar gas and dust in the direction of Orion roughly centered on the Orion Nebula, is known as the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex. It is around 1,450 light-years away and measures 240 light-years across.

    The Complex consists of five main components — Orion A and B, which are two giant molecular clouds, Orion OB1 Association, Lambda Orionis Molecular Ring, which is centered on Meissa, and the Orion-Eridanus Superbubble.

    How do astronauts infer the presence of magnetic fields in a molecular cloud?

    Magnetic fields in the universe are not visible to the naked eye and to most telescopes—plus, the interstellar magnetic field is about 10,000 times weaker than Earth’s magnetic field, that’s why measuring magnetic strength is extra difficult to gauge. But data from NASA’s Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)—a specially created Boeing 747 airplane that flies into the stratosphere and observes the universe using an onboard, high-powered camera called HAWC+ can capture infrared wavelengths of light. This can be used to see dust grains as they align perpendicular to the magnetic fields, allowing us to understand the strength and direction of the magnetic fields in molecular clouds.

  • What percentage of the Japanese people are farmers?

    Less than 5% of the Japanese people are farmers, which equates to only 6,340,000 people from a 126,800,000 population. They are responsible for farming a wide variety of crops, including rice, soybeans, wheat, and vegetables. Japanese farmers also raise livestock, such as cattle, pigs, and chickens. They use a variety of methods to cultivate their crops, including using tractors, harvesters, and water buffalo.

    The country has a long history of agriculture, and it is still an important part of the economy today. Japanese farmers play an important role in the country’s economy and society. They provide food for the population, create jobs, and contribute to the country’s culture and heritage.

    What is the major crop produced by Japanese farmers?

    Japanese farmers produce a variety of crops. The most common crop is rice, which is grown in every part of Japan. In fact, Japanese farmers produce more rice than any other country in the world. It is easy to cook and versatile, making it a mainstay in many Japanese cuisine dishes. Rice is important both as a food source and for its economic value.

    Other popular crops include wheat and soybeans. Japanese farmers also produce fruits, vegetables, and flowers. They have been farming these crops for centuries, and they have developed a number of techniques that have made them some of the best producers in the world.

    What was life like for Japanese farmers in the 1880s?

    In the 1880s, Japanese farmers were engaged in very different types of agriculture than what they are today. They were raising rice and other cereals in rice paddies, using oxen and horses to plow the fields, and cultivating the land with hoes and rakes. Life was difficult, but it was also full of opportunity. At that time, Japanese farmers were some of the poorest in the world. They worked tirelessly long hours in dangerous conditions to produce food for their families. But despite their struggles, they were some of the happiest farmers because they enjoyed a close relationship with their land. They grew crops and raised livestock using traditional methods, and they enjoyed a culture that was largely free from the problems that plague modern society.

    Japanese farmers were able to thrive because they had a strong community spirit and deep respect for tradition. They shared knowledge and techniques with one another, and they helped each other when times were tough. In addition, they relied on their natural resources to help them survive. Their fertile lands produced abundant harvests, and their cattle provided them with milk and meat.

    Despite the hardships faced by Japanese farmers in the 1880s, their lives were richly rewarding. Thanks to their hard work, Japanese farmers were able to make a modest living while maintaining their cultural heritage. They were among the first to adopt new technologies, such as railroads and tractors, and they became major producers of agricultural goods.

    Why did feudal Japanese farmers shave their heads?

    During the feudal period in Japan, farmers were required to shave their heads. This was done in order to show their allegiance to the samurai class. The practice was originally done by samurais to keep their helmets on their heads during the war, then townfolks later joined in. This is also done to protect their heads from sweat and itchiness.

    What four crops were grown by Japanese farmers in medieval Japan?

    Japanese farmers in medieval Japan grew four crops: rice, wheat, barley, and soybeans. These crops were important for the feudal society because they provided food and income for the samurai class. They used a specific form of irrigation to water their crops which involved using channels dug into the ground instead of using water pumps like they do today. This allowed the farmers to conserve water and protect the environment while ensuring their crops were watered adequately.

    The crops were necessary for the population to survive because they provided food and income. But people in Japan also used these crops to make clothing, roofs, paper, and other household items. The Japanese economy was dependent on agriculture during this time period, so it was important for the Japanese people to have a successful agricultural system.

    Today, these same crops are still important to the Japanese economy, and they are still grown by Japanese farmers. Thanks to modern technology and an improved economy, Japanese farmers continue to produce some of the world’s most delicious foods.

    What did Japanese farmers tie around their shoulders?

    Japanese farmers used a simple but effective way to protect themselves from the cold. They tied around their shoulders a cloth band known as an obi. The obi was made of thick hemp and did a great job of trapping body heat. This practice helps to keep the rain out and the wind at bay. Farmers use this technique to go about their daily tasks in inclement weather without having to worry about getting wet or cold.

    How are Japanese farmers able to increase the amount of land?

    Japanese farmers are able to increase their land by using a technique called “mowing-down.” This is when farmers clear the forest and then re-seed it with different types of plants. The idea is that this will create more farmland because the crops will benefit from the nutrients that were originally in the soil.

    One of the most important techniques used by Japanese farmers is irrigation. By using irrigation, farmers are able to water their crops multiple times a day instead of just once. This allows them to grow more crops per acre and yield larger fruits and vegetables without increasing their land area.

    Additionally, Japanese farmers are able to use a technique called terracing. Terracing is when farmers build flat areas on the hills of their land. This helps to conserve soil nutrients and water and increase yields.

    Another technique is the use of greenhouses. Greenhouses allow Japanese farmers to grow crops year-round, which reduces the need for land that would be used for farming during the winter months.

    Lastly, Japanese farmers are able to increase the amount of land they own through land reclamation and crop rotation. Land reclamation is when they create new land by removing water from an existing area. This is done by using machines, such as pumps, to move the water away. Crop rotation is a method of planting different types of crops in the same area each season. This gives the land time to recover while still yielding a harvest by preventing nutrient depletion and improving the overall fertility of the soil.

    What was the main reason that Japanese farmers left Japan to find their fortunes in America?

    During the late 1800s and early 1900s, many Japanese farmers left Japan to find their fortunes in America. They believed that the United States had a lot of potential and that they could make a lot of money there. Some of the main reasons why they left were economic, but others were related to politics. For example, many farmers believed that the Meiji Restoration of 1868 had ruined Japan and that it was time for them to leave. Others thought that America was a more democratic country than Japan and wanted to test its waters.

    During the time there was a lot of unemployment and poverty in Japan, many farmers thought that America would be a better place to live. They were right – the American economy was growing rapidly at the time, and there was plenty of opportunity for people who wanted to start their own businesses. Japanese farmers were able to find success in America, and they continue to play an important role in American culture today.

    Why were Japanese farmers so successful in the United States between 1879 and 1909?

    Between 1879 and 1909, Japanese farmers were very successful in the United States. They came to the country in search of a new life and opportunities. They were able to bring their unique farming techniques and practices over to the United States and improve upon them. Most importantly, they were able to establish themselves as successful farmers and were able to contribute to the country’s economy. This success was due in part to their hard work and dedication, as well as their knowledge of effective farming practices.

    The Japanese farmers also had a strong work ethic, which helped them to adapt quickly to American culture.

    What were the primary grievances the anti-alien association had against Japanese farmers?

    The primary grievances the anti-alien association had against Japanese farmers were their alleged use of pesticides and their habit of farming near other settlements. They claimed that the Japanese farmers were unaware of the harmful effects that these chemicals had on the environment and their crops and that they were using them in an indiscriminate manner. Overall, these claims have not been substantiated. However, there is evidence that the Japanese do use excessive pesticides. For example, research has shown that some common pesticides used in Japan are much more toxic to humans than those used in the United States.

    The anti-alien association also argued that the Japanese farmers were taking advantage of cheap labor from China and Southeast Asia, driving down wages for Chinese and Southeast Asian workers.

  • How much does the US Government spend on welfare?

    Nonpartisan Congressional Research Service (CRS) has pointed out 83 overlapping federal government welfare programs that together represented one of the largest budget items in 2011. The total amount spent by the federal government on these 80+ welfare programs totals approximately $1.03 trillion dollars. State and local governments spent $1.4 trillion on public welfare in 2019, or 22% of total government spending. Between 1977 and 2014, it was the second-largest expenditure, right behind elementary and secondary education.

    Welfare spending increased to 6.3 percent of the GDP during the COVID crisis in early 2020. Welfare spending was estimated at $7.2 billion in 2021.

    What is welfare?

    Welfare refers to a wide range of government programs that help people who are unable to support themselves financially. Welfare programs are typically paid for by taxpayers and help people cope with financial stress during difficult times. Welfare recipients usually get their payments every two weeks or once a month. Welfare programs vary, as they look to promote the pursuit of work, education, and/or a better standard of living.

    The US regulates six major welfare programs: Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programs (SNAP), Supplemental Security Income, Earned Income Tax Credit, Housing Assistance, and Medicaid.

    How many people are on welfare in the United States?

    The number of people living on welfare in the United States is 59 million. That’s approximately 19% of the U.S. population, which includes people who rely on safety nets like Medicaid and SNAP (also known as Food Stamps), according to an analysis report by the Urban Institute in 2019. That was before the coronavirus pandemic hit the global economy.

    A large percentage of welfare recipients are white. Hispanics account for 24% percent of them, Blacks for 23%, and Asians and Native Americans for 8%.

    Welfare recipients are mostly children. A study of the demographics of welfare users reveals that children under the age of 18 account for 41% of all beneficiaries. Meanwhile, people aged 18–64 account for half of the recipients. Just 12% of seniors (65 and older) receive welfare benefits.

    What is a welfare check?

    A welfare check is when police visit someone’s home to ensure that everything is fine. A request for welfare checks is usually made by friends, family members, and neighbors, usually, after someone unexpectedly stops answering the phone or contacting people.

    Most people think of police officers as patrolling the streets looking out for wrongdoers or answering emergency calls. Many people don’t realize that the police in their communities are also available to conduct background checks. This essential law enforcement role is an important tool for creating safe communities.

    Asking the police to do a “welfare check” on a close relative, friend, or neighbor may be a smart option if you are concerned about them. Whether it is an older person who has died at home, a person who is thinking about suicide, or a neighbor who seems to be in danger, wellness checks can save lives.

    What happens if you get caught lying to welfare?

    Welfare fraud varies by state, but usually includes the possibility of jail time, repayment of benefits, or disqualification from future assistance. Welfare fraud is considered a separate crime in some states, while in others, people could be charged with theft, perjury, or forgery.

    Some people under welfare can commit crimes to receive more than what’s intended for them, this is called an Intentional Program Violation (IPV).

    How does the US Department of Health and Human Services support public welfare?

    The US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is responsible for administering and managing programs that deal with health care and welfare. The secretary of HHS advises the US President on the federal government’s health, welfare, and income security plans, programs, and policies. He or she oversees the administration and promotes public understanding of its goals, programs, and operations.

    HHS is a cabinet-level agency in the executive branch. Its mission is to improve and protect the well-being of all Americans by providing high-quality health and human services and advancing medical research. There are a wide variety of HHS agencies that administer more than 300 programs that focus on such initiatives as helping people get financial assistance, health care and advocacy, conducting medical and social science research, ensuring food and drug safety, and enforcing laws and regulations relating to human services.

    What is social welfare policy?

    Social welfare policy refers broadly to the set of standards and rules that govern the level of, and conditions for welfare support, which is aimed at serving the needs of the people. Virtually everything the gov­ernment does affects social welfare, including taxes, national defense, education, and health care policy, but so does the failure to respond to people’s needs. Narrowly defined, social welfare policies focus on providing income assistance and social services for people who need them.

    Social welfare policy is made at three levels: local, state, and federal. The policy is set by the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government through laws, executive orders and regulatory rules, and court decisions. A comprehensive view of social welfare policy acknowledges that corporations, NGOs, and for-profit organizations all make decisions that have an impact on the communities and lives of the people they serve. These organizations consequently have social repercussions. The New Deal program, which was implemented in the 1930s as a response to the Great Depression, laid the foundation for today’s social welfare programs, which address fundamental human necessities including food, housing, health care, and work. The 1960s political upheaval, the 2008 Great Recession, and the 2020 coronavirus pandemic all resulted in significant social policy changes.

    Who’s the president who started welfare?

    At a White House conference on the subject of poverty and single mothers in 1909, President Theodore Roosevelt called for a national campaign to help single mothers and their children improve their lives. This marked the emergence of social welfare in the United States. The conference declared that keeping families together in the home was preferable to placing the poor in institutions that were widely criticized as expensive failures. Welfare reformers argued that the new system would also prevent juvenile delinquency because mothers would be able to watch over their children full time. By 1935, a nationwide welfare system was established for the first time ever in American history.

  • What percentage of Target products are made in China?

    According to UBS’ Lasser, Target imports 34% of its products from China, while Walmart imports 26%. Top US retailers’ supply lines rely heavily on Chinese labor and manufacturers, and corporations say it’s difficult to quickly adapt their complex supply chains away from Chinese goods.

    When was Target founded?

    The Dayton Company made the initial step toward changing its family-run department store network into one of the nation’s leading discount retail chains thanks to innovative leadership.

    Who owns Target?

    The Target Corporation owns Target, every one of its department stores, and all of its affiliates. However, The Target Corporation was not always known as such. Dayton-Hudson Corporation was the business that owned Target before it changed its name in 2000. The Target Corporation was created to make it easy to understand which stores the firm was linked with.

    The Target Corporation’s CEO is Brian Cornell. In 2014, he assumed control of the company as CEO, and he has held that position ever since.

    How old do you have to be to work at Target?

    To apply for hourly work at Target stores and its distribution centers here are the key age requirements:

    To work at a Target store, you must be at least 16 years old.
    To work at a Target Distribution Center, you must be at least 18 years old.
    Here’s a list of application requirements you might also need:

    Your Social Security Number
    Permanent address and contact information
    Information about your education
    Information about your employment experience
    Ability to start within 60 days from the day you are offered the job

    How much does Target pay its workers?

    Target has stated that, depending on the local market, it will boost its minimum wage to as high as $24 per hour this year. Companies have been increasing salaries and benefits to retain and recruit employees.

    The retail behemoth presently pays a starting wage of $15 per hour but announced that it would start paying workers rates ranging from $15 to $24. The starting rate will be determined by a variety of factors, including the job, the market, and local pay data.

    The wage boost is part of a $300 million pay and benefits commitment. In addition, the corporation stated that it would increase employee access to health care. Hourly workers who work at least 25 hours per week will be eligible for the Target medical plan.

    What time does Target open?

    The majority of Target store hours are the same each day: Monday through Sunday they are open from 8:00 a.m. until 10:00 p.m. Some target stores open at 7 am and others close later than 10 pm on certain days of the week, so it’s always best to check the specific opening time of your local Target store.

    On special holidays such as New Year’s Eve and Black Friday, Target stores tend to be open for longer hours, while on Independence Day, Easter Sunday, New Year’s Day, and Christmas Day the stores will typically be closed all day.

    You should check your local Target store’s opening times here.

    When does Target Black Friday start?

    Their holiday bargains will be available sooner than ever starting in October. Based on previous years you can expect Target’s Black Friday sale to begin on the first Friday after Thanksgiving. Black Friday will extend until Cyber Monday.

    When does Target restock pokemon cards?

    Thursday and Friday’s nights are when most Target showrooms restock. However, MJ Holding, a distribution company, restocks Pokémon cards at a Target showroom based on customer demand. The frequency of restocking is reduced if a Target outlet is located in a faraway region. New Pokémon cards are usually released when a new season of the Pokémon television show is aired.

    Where can one buy Target gift cards?

    Target gift cards can be purchased at any Target store, online at Target.com, or through the Target app. Other merchants, such as Kroger, CVS, Safeway, and Rite Aid sometimes sell them as well.

    What is a Target RedCard?

    The Target credit card, which is also known as the RedCard, is a credit card that may be used at Target stores and online. The Target RedCard comes with a 5% discount on Target purchases, no yearly fee, and a 30-day return and exchange period.

    Card incentives, points, or cash back are not available with the Target RedCard. Instead, every time you use the card in a Target store or on their website, you’ll enjoy a 5% discount. Although it may appear to be a lesser incentive than earning points for cash, as with many other cards, the 5% discount helps customers to collect their benefits sooner by paying a lower price. Other Target RedCard advantages include:

    No yearly charge
    Many items qualify for free two-day shipping (where possible)
    Returns and exchanges have an additional 30 days on top of the standard allowances
    Special offers on unique goods, gifts, and more
    Various sign-up perks change monthly but usually include money off a first purchase or discounts on specific items.

    How does Target pickup work?

    Target Pickup allows you to place an order on Target.com or through the Target app and have it delivered to your local Target store for free, so you don’t need to pay shipping fees. Pickup times are indicated on the item’s page, and orders can be ready for collection in as little as 2 hours after being placed if they are in stock at your local store. Otherwise, they may take a few days.

  • What percentage of stored body fat is in the form of triglycerides?

    Approximately 95% of all dietary fats are derived from a common form of fat called triglycerides. Animal and vegetable fats both contain triglycerides. After digestion, triglycerides circulate in your blood to be used as energy for your body’s cells. If there are any leftovers, they’re stored in the body’s fat for later use.

    What does it mean when your triglycerides are high?

    High triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia) can be hazardous to your health. Unfortunately, high triglycerides, like high cholesterol, rarely reveal their symptoms. It’s important to get regular lipid blood tests to check your cholesterol numbers.

    A healthy number for triglycerides is just below 150 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).

    Healthcare providers classify high triglyceride levels as:

    • Mild: 150-199 mg/dL.
    • Moderate: 200-499 mg/dL.
    • Severe: Greater than 500 mg/dL.

    Triglyceride levels that are too high put you at risk for pancreatitis, which can be fatal. The risk of heart and vascular disease is also increased by high triglyceride levels and includes:

    • Strokes
    • Carotid artery disease
    • Heart attack and coronary artery disease peripheral artery disease (PAD)
    • Metabolic syndrome

    Below is a list of factors that may affect the rise in triglyceride levels:

    • Menopause
    • Smoking
    • Obesity
    • Uncontrolled diabetes
    • Thyroid disease
    • Excessive alcohol use
    • Family history of high cholesterol
    • Liver disease or kidney disease
    • Medications include diuretics, hormones, corticosteroids, and beta-blockers
    • A diet that is consist of high sugar and simple carbohydrates

    Some drugs to decrease triglycerides have been prescribed to those with high levels. These might include medications that reduce cholesterol, such as statins.

    How do you lower high triglycerides?

    According to some studies, triglyceride levels decreased the most 6 months after starting a reduced-calorie diet  Lifestyle changes can also help lower triglycerides, these include:

    • Losing weight
    • Regular physical activity
    • Decreasing or stopping alcohol use
    • Staying away from refined carbohydrates and sugar
    • Eating healthier fats, such as those from plants and fish

    Furthermore, scientists say that four grams daily of prescription omega-3 medication can remarkably reduce triglyceride levels.

    What are the medications for high triglycerides?

    People with high triglycerides have been prescribed some medications to lower them. These may include cholesterol-lowering drugs, such as statins. If healthy lifestyle changes aren’t doing enough to lower your triglycerides, your doctor might recommend:

    • Statins. These cholesterol-lowering medications can be recommended if you also have poor cholesterol numbers or a history of having blocked arteries or diabetes. Some examples of statins are atorvastatin calcium (Lipitor) and rosuvastatin calcium (Crestor).
    • Fibrates. Fibrate medications, such as fenofibrate (TriCor, Fenoglide, and others) and gemfibrozil (Lopid), can help with your high triglyceride levels. Fibrates can’t be used if you have severe kidney or liver disease.
    • Fish oil. Also known as omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil can help lower the triglycerides in your body. Prescription fish oil preparations, such as Lovaza, contain more active fatty acids than many non-prescription meds. Fish oil taken at high levels can impede blood clotting, so consult with your doctor before taking any supplements.
    • Niacin. Niacin, sometimes called nicotinic acid, can lower triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also known as the “bad” cholesterol. Talk to your doctor before consuming over-the-counter niacin because it can interconnect with other medications you’re taking and cause significant side effects.

    Where are triglycerides synthesized?

    Either the monoacylglycerol pathway or the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway can produce triglycerides. Most human body cells hydrolyze triglycerides through similar pathways. This happens generally with a common purpose of providing fatty acids for the energy demands of the body.

    Where in the body are the majority of triglycerides stored for future energy needs?

    Triglycerides that are in excess can be stored in the liver or in fat cells to provide the body with energy if needed. As triglycerides are a stored energy source, this is a natural mechanism that gives the body a steady stream of energy, especially in between meals.

    When triglyceride storages need to be activated, the hormone glucagon is produced, signaling lipases to begin the process and release the fatty acids. This permits the triglycerides to go through the bloodstream once more and give the body cells that require it energy.

    Why are triglycerides more effective in energy storage than carbohydrates or glucose?

    Triglycerides can serve as reliable long-term energy storage molecules because they will not mix with water and won’t break down. We can also eat them (from delicious fried foods) and break them down to get energy. They are made up of a glycerol core attached to three fatty acid chains.

    What is a Triglycerides Test?

    A triglycerides test is a blood test used to gauge how much fat is present in your system. It can help you decide if you would need to take action to lower or prevent hazardous risks.

    Using a tiny needle, a medical practitioner will draw blood for the test from a vein in your arm. A little blood will be extracted and put into a vial after the needle is inserted. Usually, this process is completed within five minutes.

    High triglyceride levels become more of a problem as we grow older. As the risk rises, your healthcare provider might recommend doing tests more often. For younger adults, cholesterol tests every four to six years might be needed. If you have diabetes, have a family history of high cholesterol, or suffer from other heart disease risk factors, you may need more regular tests. Men ages 45 to 55 and women ages 55 to 65 need annual tests. Children will also need cholesterol and triglyceride tests. They usually get tested between ages 9 and 11, and again during young adulthood (between 17 and 21).